realtek作为有线网卡和无线网卡的intel以外的主要制造商。
对于硬件网卡在pc的x86架构上的使用，受到硬件芯片组的限制例如B75芯片组，PCIe总线协议支持，硬件接口等硬件上的限制。
在软件上的限制：基于debian11（bullseye）的下游的系统pve，ubuntu等，除了受到上游系统的变更影响，还涉及到linux内核版本的设备树限制，debian11的初始内核版本5.10 系列。对于实在是没有linux官方支持的硬件需要在github上寻找开源代码自行编译通过dkms挂在到linux内核上，dkms挂载驱动参考kali安装rtl8812au驱动。
以下以realtek说明：（以rtl开头）
对于设备驱动的支持如下：
1)有线网卡
* Realtek RTL8105E-1 firmware (rtl_nic/rtl8105e-1.fw) * Realtek RTL8106E-1 firmware, version 0.0.1 (rtl_nic/rtl8106e-1.fw) * Realtek RTL8106E-2 firmware, version 0.0.1 (rtl_nic/rtl8106e-2.fw) * Realtek RTL8107E-1 firmware, version 0.0.2 (rtl_nic/rtl8107e-1.fw) * Realtek RTL8107E-2 firmware, version 0.0.2 (rtl_nic/rtl8107e-2.fw) * Realtek RTL8125 firmware (rtl_nic/rtl8125a-3.fw) * Realtek RTL8125B firmware (rtl_nic/rtl8125b-1.fw) * Realtek RTL8125B firmware (rtl_nic/rtl8125b-2.fw) * Realtek RTL8152/RTL8153 firmware (rtl_nic/rtl8153a-2.fw) * Realtek RTL8152/RTL8153 firmware (rtl_nic/rtl8153a-3.fw) * Realtek RTL8152/RTL8153 firmware (rtl_nic/rtl8153a-4.fw) * Realtek RTL8152/RTL8153 firmware (rtl_nic/rtl8153b-2.fw) * Realtek RTL8111D-1/RTL8168D-1 firmware (rtl_nic/rtl8168d-1.fw) * Realtek RTL8111D-2/RTL8168D-2 firmware (rtl_nic/rtl8168d-2.fw) * Realtek RTL8168E-1 firmware (rtl_nic/rtl8168e-1.fw) * Realtek RTL8168E-2 firmware (rtl_nic/rtl8168e-2.fw) * Realtek RTL8168E-3 firmware, version 0.0.4 (rtl_nic/rtl8168e-3.fw) * Realtek RTL8168F-1 firmware, version 0.0.5 (rtl_nic/rtl8168f-1.fw) * Realtek RTL8168F-2 firmware, version 0.0.4 (rtl_nic/rtl8168f-2.fw) * Realtek's RTL8168fp/RTL8117 firmware (rtl_nic/rtl8168fp-3.fw) * Realtek RTL8168G-1 firmware, version 0.0.3 (rtl_nic/rtl8168g-1.fw) * Realtek RTL8168G-2 firmware, version 0.0.1 (rtl_nic/rtl8168g-2.fw) * Realtek RTL8168G-3 firmware, version 0.0.1 (rtl_nic/rtl8168g-3.fw) * Realtek RTL8168H-1 firmware, version 0.0.2 (rtl_nic/rtl8168h-1.fw) * Realtek RTL8168H-2 firmware, version 0.0.2 (rtl_nic/rtl8168h-2.fw) * Realtek RTL8402-1 firmware, version 0.0.1 (rtl_nic/rtl8402-1.fw) * Realtek RTL8411-1 firmware, version 0.0.3 (rtl_nic/rtl8411-1.fw) * Realtek RTL8411-2 firmware, version 0.0.1 (rtl_nic/rtl8411-2.fw)
2）无线网卡
* Realtek RTL8188EE firmware (rtlwifi/rtl8188efw.bin) * Realtek RTL8188EU firmware (rtlwifi/rtl8188eufw.bin) * Realtek RTL8192CE/RTL8188CE firmware (rtlwifi/rtl8192cfw.bin) * Realtek RTL8192CE/RTL8188CE B-cut firmware (rtlwifi/rtl8192cfwU_B.bin) * Realtek RTL8188CE A-cut firmware, version 4.816.2011 (rtlwifi/rtl8192cfwU.bin) * Realtek RTL8192CU/RTL8188CU UMC A-cut firmware (rtlwifi/rtl8192cufw_A.bin) * Realtek RTL8192CU/RTL8188CU UMC B-cut firmware (rtlwifi/rtl8192cufw_B.bin) * Realtek RTL8192CU/RTL8188CU fallback firmware (rtlwifi/rtl8192cufw.bin) * Realtek RTL8192CU/RTL8188CU TMSC firmware (rtlwifi/rtl8192cufw_TMSC.bin) * Realtek RTL8192DE firmware (rtlwifi/rtl8192defw.bin) * Realtek RTL8192EE wifi firmware (rtlwifi/rtl8192eefw.bin) * rtlwifi/rtl8192eu_ap_wowlan.bin * Realtek RTl8192EU non-WoWLAN firmware (rtlwifi/rtl8192eu_nic.bin) * Realtek RTl8192EU WoWLAN firmware (rtlwifi/rtl8192eu_wowlan.bin) * Realtek RTL8192SE/RTL8191SE firmware, version 4.816.2011 (rtlwifi/rtl8192sefw.bin) * Realtek RTL8192SU/RTL8712U firmware (rtlwifi/rtl8712u.bin) * Realtek RTL8723AU rev A wifi-with-BT firmware (rtlwifi/rtl8723aufw_A.bin) * Realtek RTL8723AU rev B wifi-with-BT firmware (rtlwifi/rtl8723aufw_B.bin) * Realtek RTL8723AU rev B wifi-only firmware (rtlwifi/rtl8723aufw_B_NoBT.bin) * Realtek RTL8723BE firmware, version 36 (rtlwifi/rtl8723befw_36.bin) * Realtek RTL8723BE firmware (rtlwifi/rtl8723befw.bin) * Realtek RTL8723BS AP WOWLAN firmware (rtlwifi/rtl8723bs_ap_wowlan.bin) * Realtek RTL8723BS BT firmware (rtlwifi/rtl8723bs_bt.bin) * Realtek RTL8723BS wifi non-WoWLAN firmware (rtlwifi/rtl8723bs_nic.bin) * Realtek RTL8723BS wifi WoWLAN firmware (rtlwifi/rtl8723bs_wowlan.bin) * Realtek RTl8723BU AP WoWLAN firmware (rtlwifi/rtl8723bu_ap_wowlan.bin) * Realtek RTl8723BU non-WoWLAN firmware (rtlwifi/rtl8723bu_nic.bin) * Realtek RTl8723BU WoWLAN firmware (rtlwifi/rtl8723bu_wowlan.bin) * Realtek RTL8723DE firmware (rtlwifi/rtl8723defw.bin) * Realtek RTL8723AE rev B firmware (rtlwifi/rtl8723fw_B.bin) * Realtek RTL8723AE rev A firmware (rtlwifi/rtl8723fw.bin) * Realtek RTL8821AEFW firmware (rtlwifi/rtl8812aefw.bin) * Realtek RTL8821AEFW wowlan firmware (rtlwifi/rtl8812aefw_wowlan.bin) * Realtek RTL8821AE firmware, version 29 (rtlwifi/rtl8821aefw_29.bin) * Realtek RTL8821AE firmware (rtlwifi/rtl8821aefw.bin) * Realtek RTL8821AE firmware (rtlwifi/rtl8821aefw_wowlan.bin) * Realtek RTL8822BE firmware (rtlwifi/rtl8822befw.bin)
参考资料：
- https://packages.debian.org/bullseye/firmware-realtek
- https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/firmware/linux-firmware.git/tree/