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金属材料硬度原理[0]

Posted on 2023年11月14日 by

材料硬度

是指材料抵抗局部变形,特别是塑性变形、压痕或划痕的能力。它是衡量材料软硬的指标。按测试方法的不同,硬度分为三种类型。①划痕硬度。主要用于比较不同矿物的软硬程度,方法是选一根一端硬一端软的棒,将被测材料沿棒划过,根据出现划痕的位置确定被测材料的软硬。定性地说,硬物体划出的划痕长,软物体划出的划痕短。

②压入硬度。主要用于金属材料,方法是用一定的载荷将规定的压头压入被测材料,以材料表面局部塑性变形的大小比较被测材料的软硬。由于压头、载荷以及载荷持续时间的不同,压入硬度有多种,主要是布氏硬度、洛氏硬度、维氏硬度和显微硬度等几种。

③回跳硬度。主要用于金属材料,方法是使一特制的小锤从一定高度自由下落冲击被测材料的试样,并以试样在冲击过程中储存(继而释放)应变能的多少(通过小锤的回跳高度测定)确定材料的硬度。

金属材料最常见到的布氏硬度、洛氏硬度和维氏硬度属于压入硬度,硬度值表示材料表面抵抗另一物体压入时所引起的塑性变形的能力;回跳法(肖氏、里氏)测量硬度,硬度值代表金属弹性变形功能的大小。

常用HV=HB=HRC硬度对照表

参考资料:

  1. DIN50150

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